Reform and revival in the colonial period.The rise of British colonialism to the end of the Ottoman Empire.Precolonial reform and experimentation from 1683 to 1818.Islamic history from 1683 to the present: reform, dependency, and recovery.Consolidation and expansion (1405–1683).Timur’s efforts to restore Mongol power.The decline of the caliphate and rise of emirates.Andalusia, the Maghrib, and sub-Saharan Africa.Fragmentation and florescence (870–1041).Forging the link of activism with faithfulness.Conversion and crystallization (634–870).Muhammad’s emigration to Yathrib (Medina).New social patterns among the Meccans and their neighbours.The city of Mecca: centre of trade and religion.Cultural core areas of the settled world.The rise of agrarian-based citied societies.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.